What is Spanning Tree Protocol

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol that is used to prevent loops in a network. In a network with multiple paths between devices, STP ensures that there is only one active path by disabling redundant links and blocking loops.

STP works by assigning a root bridge to the network, which is typically the device with the lowest bridge ID. The root bridge sends out BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units) to all other devices in the network, and the other devices use these BPDUs to determine their role in the network and to build a spanning tree. A spanning tree is a tree-like structure that represents the network and shows only one active path between any two devices.

STP is an important protocol for ensuring network stability and preventing network loops. Without STP, loops can occur in a network, causing broadcast storms and network instability. By preventing loops, STP ensures that data is transmitted reliably and that the network operates smoothly.

STP is widely used in Ethernet networks and is specified in the IEEE 802.1D standard. There are several variants of STP, including Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) and Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP), that have been developed to address the limitations of STP and to provide faster convergence and better network scalability.

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